Unlike Paris, London eventually realized that the loss of its colonial empire was inevitable. At a certain point, the British elite even tried to manage the process in a way that would make it less traumatic for the metropolis. The end of empire carried obvious economic and reputational costs. Yet it also produced a deeper political dilemma. With the empire dismantled, what remained was ‘Little England’, a country with vast ambitions but far fewer resources to fulfill them.

For the British establishment, finding a new international role became an urgent task. Few people embodied this dilemma more clearly than Winston Churchill. He had begun…

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